tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61460761903962486422024-03-26T23:37:57.183-07:00GeographyNicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-20291571777861506022012-08-28T04:33:00.000-07:002012-08-28T04:33:06.751-07:00Air pollution in SingaporeAIR POLLUTION<br />
One of the major pollutants in Singapore are sulphur dioxide (SO<sub><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></sub>). The sources of sulphur dioxide emissions in Singapore include power stations, refineries, other industries, shipping and other minor sources such as airport, vehicles and construction activities. The sulphur dioxide emission in 2010 inventory, which is developed based on extensive emissions data collected from various sources in 2007, is as shown:<br />
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-Refineries <br />
Shell, 28278 tonnes<br />
Singapore Refining company, 26754 tonnes<br />
ExxonMobil, 22421 tonnes <br />
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-Power stations<br />
Power Seraya, 14194 tonnes<br />
Tuas Power, 18382 tonnes<br />
Senoko Power, 7754 tonnes<br />
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-Shipping, 28026 tonnes<br />
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-Other industries<br />
Sembcorp Utilities and Terminals, 748 tonnes<br />
ExxonMobil Petrochemical, 722 tonnes<br />
Linde Syngas, 546 tonnes<br />
Mitsui Phenol, 436 tonnes<br />
Petrochemical Corporation of Singapore, 208 tonnes<br />
Invista, 3 tonnes<br />
Other fuel oil users, 1300 tonnes<br />
Diesel users, 46 tonnes<br />
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-Motor vehicles<br />
Petrol vehicles, 891 tonnes<br />
Diesel vehicles, 101 tonnes<br />
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Total amount of sulphur dioxide emmitted in Singapore= 150,810 tonnesNicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com22tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-84206968135455781662012-07-14T22:08:00.002-07:002012-07-14T22:16:41.288-07:00Some volcanic eruptions around the world<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
1. Mt. Tambora, Indonesia<br />Death Toll: 92,000</div>
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The eruption of Tambora killed an estimated 92,000 people, including 10,000 from explosion and ash fall, and 82,000 from other related causes.<br />
The concussion from the explosion was felt as far as a thousand miles away. Mt. Tambora, which was more than 13,000 feet tall before the explosion was reduced to 9,000 feet after ejecting more than 93 cubic miles of debris into the atmosphere.<br />
The effects of the eruption were felt worldwide: 1816 became known as the “year without a summer” because of the volcanic ash in the atmosphere that lowered worldwide temperatures. It snowed in New England that June, and crop failures were common throughout Northern Europe and North America. As many as 100,000 additional deaths from starvation in these areas are thought to be traced to the eruption.<br />
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2. Mt. Pelee, West Indies<br />Death Toll: 40,000<br />
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Thought to be dormant, Mt. Pelee began a series of eruptions on April 25, 1902. The primary eruption, on May 8 completely destroyed the city of St. Pierre, killing 25,000. The only survivors were a man held in a prison cell, and a man who lived on the outskirts of the town. Several ships were also destroyed.<br />
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3. Mt. Krakatoa, Indonesia<br />Death Toll: 36,000<br />
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The August 1883 of Mt. Krakatoa (Krakatua) destroyed 2/3 of the island, ejecting more than six cubic miles of debris into the atmosphere. The sound of the explosion was the loudest ever documented, and was heard as far away as Australia.<br />
Interestingly, it’s probable that no one died in the initial explosion. The casualties all came from the resulting tsunami.<br />
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4. Mt. Vesuvius, Italy<br />Death Toll: 10,000+<br />
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In one of the most famous eruptions of all time, Mt. Vesuvius erupted and completely destroyed the Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The eruption, which is said to have lasted 19 hours, buried Pompeii in ten feet of volcanic ash. The intense heat—perhaps as much as 750 degrees—carbonized much of the organic material in the area. Many of the victims have been found with the tops of their heads missing—their brains having boiled and exploded.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9D470BmXw0Cw5F3Uxizf0HO-T9CUYgNURQPHHfR301jzBJDV9nPWiYw6lP492aCw0QxQ08j-pfTZ7_1WiefKbXUTyhy7o8ycpK83z1ObmdwMa6ExZXJXGG7FwMxVs9aI82yM3fkuc1og/s1600/Volcanic+Eruptions.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9D470BmXw0Cw5F3Uxizf0HO-T9CUYgNURQPHHfR301jzBJDV9nPWiYw6lP492aCw0QxQ08j-pfTZ7_1WiefKbXUTyhy7o8ycpK83z1ObmdwMa6ExZXJXGG7FwMxVs9aI82yM3fkuc1og/s640/Volcanic+Eruptions.png" width="424" /></a></div>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-2095720943664381562012-07-14T09:53:00.000-07:002012-07-14T09:53:04.073-07:00Pollution in IndiaAbout 80 % of urban waste in India ends up in rivers where it destroys river ecosystems and make bodies of water unfit for human use. Untreated sewage often ends up in rivers and testing of the water from the Ganges River near Varanasi showed that levels of fecal coliform, a dangerous bacterium that comes from untreated sewage, were about 3,000 percent higher than what is considered safe for bathing. This is of course causing many illnesses. It also has to be said that India invested lots of money in clean-up efforts, especially in area of New Delhi, but is it not enough considering the fact that India is having a rapid growth of population. Worse of all, water-borne diseases in India are causing child mortality.<br /><br />Air pollution is India is almost as much as in China and some experts believe that smog from India and China could even change weather patterns in North America. Even the famous Taj Mahal is becoming more and more yellow because of tremendous air pollution. India is already facing massive environmental damage and many deaths and diseases of human population are caused because of air and water pollution.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif7VP7-kj4BX1SvalicYTFvea5vdWOpEfHwI31_eOvj_FWwmL76Su7jNuwHRwPU3CWVGxNaEz-svpCOe2wWDAYlSYRmRgGUNoVbREKn0fbUXGfkWJVR3afBJ57v6e_6Ad0vc9gczSBgbU/s1600/pollution_in_india.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif7VP7-kj4BX1SvalicYTFvea5vdWOpEfHwI31_eOvj_FWwmL76Su7jNuwHRwPU3CWVGxNaEz-svpCOe2wWDAYlSYRmRgGUNoVbREKn0fbUXGfkWJVR3afBJ57v6e_6Ad0vc9gczSBgbU/s320/pollution_in_india.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-13542407868484712942012-07-14T09:47:00.000-07:002012-07-14T09:47:23.280-07:00Indoor Air Pollution<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Indoor air pollution is often more harmful than outdoor air pollution, because we spend more time indoor, in homes and offices. They can be much more polluted compared to outdoor air, and thus present a major health threat.</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In order to reduce heating costs many people try to make their homes and offices more airtight which often leads to inadequate circulation of the air and high levels of indoor air pollution that could have adverse effects on human health. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Indoor air pollution is particularly hazardous to elderly people and young children, and can not only lead to respiratory diseases like asthma but also cause heart problems.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Because we spend approximately 90% of our time indoors, the quality of indoor air is certainly one of the main prerequisites of the healthy life. We need to pay more attention on the quality of air we breathe in our homes and offices. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Indoor air pollution is yet to be widely recognized issue and there has been very little scientific data about emission rates from different appliances we use in our home and offices. There also hasn't been adequate regulation on indoor pollutants that would regulate the acceptable level of indoor air emissions.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0wfK_ixlmHLt6Ot939fd2smKqyAylcbznNkSAt0Rijl5TDomdflz_EUGIhIfTFLQfPqcCx89ABpqMIdoGoctA0KfFiDHHaayv62hcXiB-9PMTyYdKxcEMtJ8ApoAYXB6horoksfMBquU/s1600/paz_01_img0128.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0wfK_ixlmHLt6Ot939fd2smKqyAylcbznNkSAt0Rijl5TDomdflz_EUGIhIfTFLQfPqcCx89ABpqMIdoGoctA0KfFiDHHaayv62hcXiB-9PMTyYdKxcEMtJ8ApoAYXB6horoksfMBquU/s320/paz_01_img0128.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2lMoO0O4JgB4IMglcjnUZYgK6bfW4Sl6XytDUFcIayn4LMMIzLRci-EyN7xBFLBD-pjdUvhJPPFhZU0u5lZOMrMDyE6YuN63n2glDbBdhYoeIcHlgKkxmle96a3bjbnmCRB_mHCnt_XY/s1600/indoor_air_circulation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2lMoO0O4JgB4IMglcjnUZYgK6bfW4Sl6XytDUFcIayn4LMMIzLRci-EyN7xBFLBD-pjdUvhJPPFhZU0u5lZOMrMDyE6YuN63n2glDbBdhYoeIcHlgKkxmle96a3bjbnmCRB_mHCnt_XY/s1600/indoor_air_circulation.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">According to the U.S. environmental protection agency (EPA) carbon dioxide is a pollutant, together with other greenhouse gases primarily because of its role in contributing to climate change, and not because of any direct health effects.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CO2 is indeed an essential ingredient of all life on our planet, a gas that humans exhale and plants inhale, the gas of vital importance for one of the most important processes on Earth- photosynthesis. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Carbon dioxide is thought by many scientists to be the greenhouse gas mostly responsible for climate change. The more CO2 in the atmosphere, the more heat gets trapped, leading to climate change and global temperature increase. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This means that carbon dioxide can even be considered as the main pollutant that is warming our planet, opening door for the future environmental disaster of enormous proportions.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbc1WvAKEqdVzdwiR1nj8Ues2WquBLJKDodvA_uV-L-NTF032wk-SxW0v_0DJO1gOQsi2oxKUrG43G2FN7sFLDuvARpCFsLQ6LE0O3h_nkdBfNZqAzfpkwR9NsFsnP_QMciqqQTeL7hXU/s1600/power_plants_polluting_our_planet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbc1WvAKEqdVzdwiR1nj8Ues2WquBLJKDodvA_uV-L-NTF032wk-SxW0v_0DJO1gOQsi2oxKUrG43G2FN7sFLDuvARpCFsLQ6LE0O3h_nkdBfNZqAzfpkwR9NsFsnP_QMciqqQTeL7hXU/s320/power_plants_polluting_our_planet.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUHIbL_aGl6uH19WcMhnMD5IQUMEAF7Al-YDNJpH7CFlpabNzuJIM_5taQ8vmQRdWRrK6krGc9MZPDMj2_3VeESwyDIHpHEcQWFttyFLrwncwSDszV1cIq6V3iMUzdxbtTzP86b6jo-uU/s1600/carbon_emmission_co2_smoke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUHIbL_aGl6uH19WcMhnMD5IQUMEAF7Al-YDNJpH7CFlpabNzuJIM_5taQ8vmQRdWRrK6krGc9MZPDMj2_3VeESwyDIHpHEcQWFttyFLrwncwSDszV1cIq6V3iMUzdxbtTzP86b6jo-uU/s320/carbon_emmission_co2_smoke.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com51tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-82292301457826283532012-07-14T09:30:00.001-07:002012-07-14T09:31:30.583-07:00Thermal Pollution<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Thermal pollution is a form of water pollution characterized by the degradation of water quality due to the rise or fall in the temperature of certain water body and is </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">almost always caused by humans, and is mostly the result of use of water as a coolant in power plants and different industrial facilities.</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It can <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">lead to increased levels of chemical pollution because toxicity of many harmful chemicals often increases with the increase in temperature.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Thermal water pollution can cause huge damage to many aquatic ecosystems because there are many fish and other aquatic organisms that have adapted to particular temperature of the water and once this temperature changes they often fail to adapt and die in the process as a result of thermal shock.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The higher water temperatures can also lead to increased bacteria levels and reduced biodiversity of the affected aream causing migration of many fish species.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Thermal water pollutin can also be caused by the release of very cold water from the base of reservoirs and into warmer water bodies such as rivers. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Even small temperature changes of one to two degrees Celsius can cause significant changes to many aquatic species and lead to loss in biodiversity.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Howver, it can have beneficial effect and may even lead to positive impact on certain aquatic species such as manatee.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBKlKKIM9LlejIVqStuBFtIlXM0TeEuQNiK8ETSGqbTLI40Te0GVOxtyxOCDkb0LKBVeTXypDvVyMJlanQezMuziGhgx1-fHLXo4vlNaK-AWScVZLIpm5CoHcCKX_5BWIJdVcDWVQsrgY/s1600/Thermal_Pollution_pdf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBKlKKIM9LlejIVqStuBFtIlXM0TeEuQNiK8ETSGqbTLI40Te0GVOxtyxOCDkb0LKBVeTXypDvVyMJlanQezMuziGhgx1-fHLXo4vlNaK-AWScVZLIpm5CoHcCKX_5BWIJdVcDWVQsrgY/s320/Thermal_Pollution_pdf.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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</div>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com19tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-7277007047285756672012-07-14T02:39:00.001-07:002012-07-14T02:40:10.388-07:00Threats to Singapore Reefs<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGiPSgQFIzXTe7_Rsh_22_SqU8uCsI91Qgju8pGUKUaQVLSTuwT6RGLgHJbA5aNXu7SCbT4DqXMUwGwD70A20s8al7qMkQ0AV6PnvyN7bPV68Fx29j45IsEaoWFK0YZNb5czZc4bHc3uw/s1600/singmap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGiPSgQFIzXTe7_Rsh_22_SqU8uCsI91Qgju8pGUKUaQVLSTuwT6RGLgHJbA5aNXu7SCbT4DqXMUwGwD70A20s8al7qMkQ0AV6PnvyN7bPV68Fx29j45IsEaoWFK0YZNb5czZc4bHc3uw/s320/singmap.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<u>Threats to Singapore Reefs</u><br />
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There were once over 60 offshore islands and patch reefs around Singapore, most of which were situtated south of mainland Singapore. However, since the 1970s, major land reclamation were carried out on the mainland and offshore Southern islands, adding to Singapore total land area. However, the most significant cause of reef degradation in Singapore is sedimentation. Land reclamation (occured along the Southwest Coast of the mainland and on some of the offshore Southern islands), dredging of shipping channels and dumping of earth spoils have increased the sediment load. Increased sedimentation can affect the reefs by causing a a slow but steady reduction in live coral cover (surveys since 1986 indicated decrease by up to 20% on some reefs), and by reducing the lower depth limit of coral growth on reef slopes (due to reduction in sunlight penetration). In the 1970s, coral growth extended to 10m down the reef slopes but today, growth is restricted to 6-8m.</div>
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Accidental oil spills also remains as an ever-present threat. Though the 1997 Evoikos oil spills (27,000 tonnes) did not seriously affect coral reefs, it contaminated the upper part of some reef flats.</div>
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Recreational and tourism-related use also have impacts on the reefs. For example, anchor damge cause by fishing boats and pleasure craft and negligent/inexperienced divers with proper bouyancy control, which can severly damage fragile, slow-growing corals.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTvKpP0SQf7No54xCJ8EzhdH_oDTPsyznTD2rT0ewJ0pOiQ5Af_bL7VjbAx8Ts-HKMCQugo4vqXdQ7muXWYaFWwU5DpeO0xCTBjeFPN9wBTPgq_862JkMb3w0qhc0UnvFKRLE8JXKElB4/s1600/brokencoral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTvKpP0SQf7No54xCJ8EzhdH_oDTPsyznTD2rT0ewJ0pOiQ5Af_bL7VjbAx8Ts-HKMCQugo4vqXdQ7muXWYaFWwU5DpeO0xCTBjeFPN9wBTPgq_862JkMb3w0qhc0UnvFKRLE8JXKElB4/s320/brokencoral.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<u>The 1998 coral bleaching event</u></div>
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Sea temperature around Pulau Hantu and St John's were elevated by 1-2degree celsius from March-June 1998. 50-90% of all reef organisms in Singapore was affected, particularly the hard corals, soft corals and anemones. The bleaching effect extended until 6m, the lower growth depth limit for coral growth locally.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik52m0ROwz4DgUwPPptLtvTQFcGKigod9MI5iXnE45lvT9auK02J6tmXwSuJyTQMxMPUa12ho66zWrANEh9Nrq904Od5RA59-WsLHAwgjinPhuXe2qXky_KSpPAVhR_9pT4c_4IRXk9dY/s1600/hantubleach.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik52m0ROwz4DgUwPPptLtvTQFcGKigod9MI5iXnE45lvT9auK02J6tmXwSuJyTQMxMPUa12ho66zWrANEh9Nrq904Od5RA59-WsLHAwgjinPhuXe2qXky_KSpPAVhR_9pT4c_4IRXk9dY/s320/hantubleach.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com297tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-43519071898754251532012-07-14T02:08:00.002-07:002012-07-14T02:08:13.644-07:00Dubai Land Reclamation Project<div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
The developement and uses of these man-made islands</div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/d3JQENAhaSE?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/7eUcRjo9Yv4?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com76tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-21327940681622028762012-07-14T02:00:00.002-07:002012-07-14T02:02:12.202-07:00Geog TB pg 81Qn 1: Air transport has developed in terms of airplanes being able to virtually connect any two cities in the world with non-stop services between cities like New York-Singapore and Los Angeloes-Dubai. The 777-200LR extended the range of the 777 family by more that 2775 kilometres and can carry 301 passengers for up to 17466 kilometres.<br />
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Qn 2: 777-200LR efficiency will attract more passengers because travel time is cut short and 777-200LR can travel further distances. Passengers will not need to stopover at other countries. This will increase the profit earned by the airline companies, as there will be a high demand for seats since the passengers will be able to save time. However, when there is a high demand, the airline companies will have to buy more 777-200LR so as to please the passengers. But building the 777-200LR is expensive, so the price for it will defenitely not be cheap. Because of this, airline companies that bought the 777-200LR will have to mark up the price for the air tickets so as to recuperate their loss and earn a profit. This might in turn be too expensive for some people, and they will choose not to buy tickets for the 777-200LR. When this happens, the demand for the 777-200LR will drop and the companies will have to lower the price for the tickets, which will result in a loss for the companies as well.Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-29745311046349899442012-06-05T01:31:00.000-07:002012-06-05T01:31:04.734-07:00High-tech farming<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Today, traditional methods of farming are gradually giving way to high technology farming or high-tech farming due to land constraints. This type of farming uses modern machinery and farm chemicals to obtain maximum output from a given plot of land or a group of animals. Countries that practise high-tech farming include the United states of Amerca, the United Kingdom and Singapore. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><u>Fruit and vegetable farming</u></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Two methods of high-tech farming have been found to be effective in producing more fruits and vegetables. They are hydroponics and aeroponics. Both methods differ from traditional methods of farming in that they do not need soil and a large plot of land. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><u>Hydroponics</u></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The word 'hydroponics' comes from two Greek word: hydro meaning 'water' and ponos meaning 'working water'. It is a technique of growing plants in a nutrient solution or fertilisers dissolved in water.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">In a hydroponics farm, crops are cultivated in troughs filled with water in a nutrient solution that promotes plant growth. These crops are grown under carefully controlled conditions with the help of computers. The computers are used to monitor and adjust the nutrient solution and its temperature to ensure the best conditions for growth.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><u>Aeroponics</u></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">In aeroponics, the roots of the plants are suspended in the air. In an aeroponics farm, the air is cooled such that the conditions are similar to those in temperate regions. A nutrient solution is also sprayed onto the roots. This allows temperate crops such as strawberries to be grown in tropical regions.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><u>Animal farming</u></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Animals too can be reared the high-tech way. There are two types of animal rearing-- cattle farming and egg farming.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">CATTLE FARMING</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">In traditional dairy cattle farming, farmers often woke up at the crack of dawn to milk their cows. It was a tedious and tiring task. However, with today's advanced technology, cows are housed in special stalls where they can be fed specific amounts of a special diet at exact times. The cows are milked by machines at appointed times everyday. Like vegetable farming, advancements in technology have enabled dairy farming yields to increase, while saving on labour and space. However, the costs involved in using the technology are high.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">EGG FARMING</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">In a modern chicken farm, the hens are fed a special diet blended by computerised machines. The diet ensures the health of the mother hens and the nutritional value of the eggs When the eggs are laid, they roll onto a tray and may be collected by a moving conveyor belt.</span>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-46799963497520192552012-06-05T01:20:00.002-07:002012-06-05T01:20:43.730-07:00Factors affecting success/ failure of landfill-Labour (manpower is needed to operate machinery and to carry out the landfill process)<br />
-Infrastructure (machines like rollers to compress the sand are needed to carry out the landfill process)<br />
-Good planning <br />
-A large capital (a large sum of money is needed for the hiring of labour, purchasing of materials and machines and so on)<br />
-Availability of materials like sand and granite<br />
-Regular maintainence of all machineryNicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-50980118484820252282012-05-28T02:57:00.001-07:002012-06-05T01:31:20.016-07:00Textbook page 81 answers1. With the manufacturing of the B-777-200LR, the world's longest-range commercial plane, comes several technological developments in air transport. This airplane is able to virtually connect any two cities in the world with non-stop service. The 777-200LR widens the range of the 777 family by more than 2775 kilometres and allows for non-stop service between cities such as New York and Singapore and Los Angeles and Dubai. The 777-200LR can also carry 301 passengers up to 17466 kilometres.<br />
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2. Airplane companies buying the 777-200LR would then possess the world's longest-range commercial plane. This would increase the efficiency and productivity of the various airline companies as travel time is cut down. People no longer have to stopover at countries in the middle of their journeys to board another airplane but instead can take a straight flight to their destinations. With the purchase of the 777-200LR, consumers would also have a better variety of flight timings and airlines to choose from. encouraging tourism. However, as the 777-200LR is the world's longest-range commercial plane, booking a seat on this airplane would be rather costly and many consumers might not be able to afford it.Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-41235806869616897692012-04-02T02:30:00.003-07:002012-04-07T00:50:56.203-07:00<span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background: white; color: black;">Agriculture has been the prime and foremost activity of every culture and civilization through the history of mankind. Agriculture practices secured food supply and also resulted in establishment of farming settlements that subsequently grew into villages, towns, cities, states, countries and even empire.</span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black;">The history of agriculture is broadly divided into 4 phases:</span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black;">1. <u>Prehistoric Agriculture</u></span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black;">- Believed to have started near 10,000 BC or earlier and is considered to be first prototype of agricultural modules. They were mainly located in southeast and southwest Asia, what are now India, Iran, Iraq, Israel and the adjoining areas. Nile River in Egypt, Danube in Europe and Indus-Ganga in India were the main center of the agricultural farmlands.</span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black;">- This was also the age of agricultural inventions as many new tools and practices were invented. The use of wooden tools and doomestic animals were the major highlights.</span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black;">2. <u>Historical Agriculture</u>: </span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black;">- Roughly from 2500 BC to 500 BC. It marks the introduction of metals in agricultural tool making. Agricultural sites grew proficient and covered much of southeast Asia, middle-east, Europe, North America and Easstern Asia.</span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black;">- Mechanicals improvements in agricultural implements and development of storage and irrigation method marks the highlight of this age. Trading of argiculture also started.</span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black;">3. <u>Feudal Agriculture:</u> </span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black;">- The feudal age of agriculture ranges from 500 BC to 1700 AD, reaching its height near 1000 AD and then getting static thereafter. They were mainly located throughout Europe, Middle East, Southeast Asia.</span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black;">- This period is chiefly characterized by expansion of agriculture and irrigation and consolidation of agricultural methods. The use of fertilizers in the form of natural manures to boost production was a major breakthrough of this period. </span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black;">4.<u> Scientific Agriculture</u></span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black;">- By 17th century AD, the world was seeing a rapid rise in its population. This was also the age of imperial expansions in Asia, Africa, Americas and oceanic countries. </span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black;">These led to exploration of new methods and practices in agriculture and resulted in increased attention on commercial form of agriculture that was based solely on profit than subsistence purposes. - Agriculture trade assumed global proportions and many new economies thrived on specialized production of one or other agricultural products.</span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black;">- There were also many new inventions in irrigation, sowing, and harvesting techniques. New variants of seeds and plants are manufactured in laboratories and genetically modified to suit particular consumption and commercial needs. </span><br />
</span></span>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-6784281694722558502012-03-31T10:14:00.001-07:002012-03-31T10:14:38.291-07:00Argricultural seasons in IndiaKharif Season:<br />
- Starts in June when the South-West monsoon starts. <br />
- Seeds are sown in June and July and crops are harvested in September and October. <br />
- Crops which require large quantities of water are cultivated during the Kharif season. <br />
E.g. of crops are rice, sugar-cane, jute, cotton, tobacco, maize etc. <br />
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Rabi Season <br />
- Starts in the middle of October when the South-West monsoon retreats and the North-East Monsoon begins. <br />
- Seeds are sown in October and crops are harvested in March and April. <br />
- Crops which require less water are grown during the rabi season. <br />
E.g of crops are wheat, barley, gram, mustard, linseed etc. These crops require cooler conditions and less moisture.<br />
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Zaid crops:<br />
- Crops which are grown throughout the year in all parts of the country under artificial irrigation, <br />
E.g. of crops are rice, maize, melons, groundnut, water melons, cucumber, leafy and tuber vegetables etc.Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-45569810609909860512012-03-31T09:58:00.001-07:002012-03-31T09:59:47.558-07:00Other types of Agriculture.Nomadic Herding.- The rearing of animals on natural pastures.<br />
- Practise is followed by the people of the semi arid and arid regions, who keep moving with their animals in search of natural pastures and lead a nomadic life.<br />
- Type of animal reared differ from one region to another (Typical regions: Northern Africa, parts of Arabia and parts of northern Eurasia)<br />
- Subsistence farming.<br />
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Livestock Ranching<br />
- The rearing of animals while farmers live a settled life.<br />
- Large area required for animal grazing, such as the low rainfall areas of North America, South America and Australia<br />
- Kept in ranches and reared mainly for meat and wool<br />
-Commerical based.<br />
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Miditerranean Agriculture<br />
- Major crops: Wheat, vineyards and citrus fruits <br />
- Major livestock: Small animals reared in <br />
- Horticulture is a major activity and most of the crops other than these plantations are grown in winter with the help of winter rains.<br />
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Commercial grain farming<br />
- A response to farm mechanisation and the major type of activity in areas with low rainfall and low pooulation density.<br />
- Prone to the vagaries of weather, droughts <br />
( Prairies, steppes and the temperate grasslands of South America and Australia)<br />
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Livestock and grain farming<br />
- Known as mixed farming<br />
- Originated in the humid areas of the middle latitudes<br />
- An effort is made to get the best out of crop farming and animal rearing.Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-27255183622478395222012-03-06T06:36:00.004-08:002012-03-06T06:44:19.934-08:00Plantation agriculture<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. Large land areas are needed for this type of agriculture. Countries that have plantation agriculture usually experience high annual temperatures and receive high annual rainfall. Plantations are mainly found in countries that have a tropical climate.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Plantation agriculture has its roots in the past. In the early 18th and 19th centuries, a number of plantations were set up by westerners and western companies. They employed either local and foreign workers who were willing to work for a small wage. For example, the rubber plantations set up by the British in Malaya employed many workers from India. Today, most plantatons are owned by the local governments or big compnies.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">PURPOSE</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown for sale. Some crops are sold as raw materials to manufactoring industries.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">INPUTS:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-Land: Plantations are huge and can extend from a few hectares to a few thousand hectares. For example, in Malaysia, an oil palm plantation is usually at leasy 40 hectares in size.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">-Capital: A large amount of capital is put into building roads, buying machinery and building factories to process the crops harvested from the plantations. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Plantation owners also invest large amounts of their capital on fertilisers and pesticides. Fertilisers are applied to plantation crops as frequently as these crops use up nutrients from the land quickly. Since plantations usually grow one type of crop, pest attacks can cause total destruction of the plantations. Pesticides are therefore used in huge quantities to prevent crops from being entirely destryed by pests.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">--Labour: Due to the large size of a plantation, a lot of labour is needed to tend to the crops and work in the nearby processing factories. For example in Malaysia;s large rubber plantations, many workers are hired to tap latex from rubber trees.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">PRODUCE:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-the total output of a plantation is usually high. However, as a plantation covers a wide area of land, its output per unit are is usully low.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">-Usually, only one type p crop is grown in a plantation. Common examples include rubber, coffee, tea, bananas, sugar cane, oil palm, cocoa and tobacco</span>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com228tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-21766104315656629952012-03-04T07:23:00.001-08:002012-03-04T07:30:10.623-08:00Wet rice cultivationWET RICE CULTIVATION <br />
Rice is a very important food crop that is the staple diet of at least half of the world's population. Rice is mostly eaten in Asia, where 90 percent of the world's rice is grown. Outside Asia, the main rice-growing countries are Egypt, Italy, Spain, Brazil and the United States of America.<br />
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There are many varieties of rice. Most of the rice grown in Asia is wet rice. Wet rice cultivation is the growing of rice in flooded fields. Wet rice is known as padi in malay. The hot and wet climate in many parts of Asia makes it suitable for wet rice cultivation. This is because rice seeds require high temperatures to grow. Moreover, the high rainfall provides abundant water to flood the fields as padi needs a lot of water to grow.<br />
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There are several stages of wet rice cultivation:<br />
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The padi fields are first ploughed with the help of animals or tractors. The fields are then flooded with water channelled from rivers or obtained from direct rainfall. Meanwhile, padi seeds are scattered onto a smaller field called a nursery, where they sprout into seedlings.<br />
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After three to six months, the padi is ready for harvest. The fields are drained and the padi is harvested by hand using sickles. After three to four weeks, the seedlings are transplanted, that is, moved and planted into the flooded fields. The fields are regularly weeded and fertilisers are added. <br />
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CHARACTERISTICS OF WET RICE CULTIVATION:<br />
Purpose:<br />
-Traditionally, wet rice cultivation is a form of subsistence agriculture. Today, wet rice cultivation is also practiced as commercial agriculture. Some countries produce enough rice to sell overseas. An example of a major rice-exporting country is thailand.<br />
<br />
Inputs:<br />
-Land: Flat land with clayey soil is the most ideal for wet rice cultivation as this can help retain water. In hilly places in the philippines and Indonesia, steps are cut into the hill slopes to create terraces (flat land) for growing rice.<br />
The size of the farm is generally small. In countries like Malaysia and Indonesia, the size of the plot is usually no more than 2 hectares (equivalent to the size of three football fields).<br />
<br />
-Capital: Wet rice cultivation traditionally does not require large amounts of capital. In the past, little machinery was used as family members provided the labour. Sickles and wooden ploughs were mainly used. Also, the seeds for cultivation were saved from the previous harvest. Today, more inputs are used. Machinery such as tractors are used for ploughing, and combine harvesters for harvesting. Governments and research institutes spend more money on research to develop better seeds, pesticides and fertilisers. Canals are also built for irrigating the fields<br />
<br />
-Labour: Wet rice cultivation requires much labour. The farmer's families or hired workers usually provide this labour. Farmers work hard to flood the fields by building low walls called bunds. Planting, weeding, and application of fertilisers are usually done by hand. Animals such ad water buffaloes may be used to help plough the land.<br />
<br />
Produce:<br />
-The output per unit are of the farm is generally high. Since the 1960s, newer varieties of wet rice have been developed. These varieties take a shorter time to mature and can produce more output per hectare. They are also more resistant to diseases and pests.Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com21tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-70719639122602124412012-03-01T06:04:00.002-08:002012-03-21T06:55:24.473-07:00Shifting cultivationShifting cultivation is a type of farming where people make temporary clearings in the forest to grow food. When the soil is no longer fertile after two to three years, the shifting cultivators abandon the field to look for another suitable plot of land. The first field is left to fallow, or rest, while the cultivators begin the cycle of activities on a new plot of land.The farmers may return to the same plot of land after 20 to 30 years.<br />
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Shifting cultivation id also known as ladang cultivation in Southeast Asia. There are 5 stages in shifting cultivation.<br />
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<strong>Stage 1: Selecting a plot of land</strong><br />
The headman of the tribe first chooses a plot of land in the forest.Trees in the area are felled and the undergrowth is cleared at the beginning of the dry season.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpe_qHRbCKw-2O49DMrVU-5Bhx9CGbrS30UGmTVnDYsCgQwC33vLyCK_LSZtqIrY_87PvLippUgTnYExaAxA_p72oe1dWTh11K86GzbHcCtvOiJi8R7JvCD4ZHoHZuPDynQzC8Jk59YbQ/s1600/stage+1.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpe_qHRbCKw-2O49DMrVU-5Bhx9CGbrS30UGmTVnDYsCgQwC33vLyCK_LSZtqIrY_87PvLippUgTnYExaAxA_p72oe1dWTh11K86GzbHcCtvOiJi8R7JvCD4ZHoHZuPDynQzC8Jk59YbQ/s1600/stage+1.bmp" uda="true" /></a><br />
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<strong>Stage 2: Burning the felled trees</strong><br />
The trees are left to dry before they are burnt. The ashes of the burnt trees act as fertilisers for the soil.<br />
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<strong>Stage 3: Planting</strong><br />
Planting is carried out after the ground has cooled. Holes are made witha dibble stick, into which seeds could be dropped.<br />
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<strong>Stage 4: Harvesting</strong><br />
Harvesting usually takes place during the dry season.<br />
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<strong>Stage 5: Fallowing</strong><br />
After a few years of cultivation, the soil loses its fertility. farmers then move on to look for a new plot of land, leaving the first field to fallow or rest. They may return to the same plot of lnf afetr a period of time.<br />
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Characteristics of shifting cultivation:<br />
<br />
Purpose:<br />
-Shifting cultivation is one of the earliest types of subsistence agriculture. The farmers grow enough food to feed themselves and their family.<br />
-Also practised by trial people residing in forests.<br />
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Inputs:<br />
-Land<br />
Even though a small plot of land is cultivated each time, shiftig cultivation takes up large areas of forest land because farmers move on to another plot of land every few years.<br />
<br />
-Capital<br />
Hardly any capital is required for shifting cultivation. The farmers use simple tools such as machetes, sickles, axes and sticks. Instead of buying seeds, they use seeds saved from the prrevious harvest.<br />
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-Labour<br />
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Much work is required in the clearing and burning of trees and undergrowth , as well as in the sowimg of seeds. Less work, however, is required durimg the growing process. This is because the grops are not given any special care, other than some weeding by hand. Family members usually provide the labor for this kind of agriculture.</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Produce:</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">-the output per unit area is low and usually only enough to feed the farmer's family.</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">-A small variety of crops are grown. Examples include dryland rice, bananas, maize and tapioca.<br />
-Output is usually only sufficient for survival<br />
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</div>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com32tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-64739590965407793622012-02-18T07:43:00.000-08:002012-02-18T07:43:50.474-08:00Agriculture<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">WHAT IS AGRICULTUURE?</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Have you ever wondered where the food you eat comes from? As food is one of our basic needs, it is important to understand where our food comes from. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Until about 12 000 years ago, people led nomadic lives. They hunted animals and gathered fruits and nuts for food. Slowly, people settled down and learnt to grow crops and rear animals for food. The growing of crops and the rearing of animals is called agriculture.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">About one-third of the Earth's land area is used for agricultural purposes and more than two and a half billionpeople worldwide are engaged in agricultural activities. This is about twice the populaton of China, which is currently at 1.3 billion people, or about 20 percent of all the people in the world. Agriculture is very importantin countires such as China and India</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. More than 70 percent of people in these countries are farmers.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">AGRICULTURE AS A PRIMARY INDUSTRY</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Beside providing food, agriculture can also provide raw materials or natural resources that can be used to manufacture products. For instance, cotton is a raw material that can be used to produce thread and cloth. We call an industry that provides raw materials for othe industryr uses a primary industry. Hence, we say that agriculture is a type of primary industry. Other types of primary industries include fishing and mining.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">There are many types of agriculture in different parts of the world. These types of agriculture, or agricultural types differ from one another according to these characteristics:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-the purpose of the farm</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-the inputs of the farm</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-the outputs (produce of the farm)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">PURPOSE OF THE FARM</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Some farms produce enough crops for their own consumption only. This is known as subsistence farming. Other farms produce crops on a large scale and sell their producein the market. This is known as commercial farming.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">INPUTS INTO THE FARM</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Farmers need land, labour, seeds, fertilisers, pesticide and tools or machinery to grow crops. In some farms, irrigation systems are also used to channel water from rivers and lakes to the fields. To obtain some of the above, farmers need capital (money to pay workers or for materials) The land, labour, materials and capital used by farmers are colectively known as the inputs of a farm.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">OUTPUTS (PRODUCE) OF THE FARM</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Some farms produce only one type of crop, while others, produce a variety of crops. Also, subsistence farms tend to yeild small amounts of produce which is usually just enough for the farmer's own family. On the other hand, commercial farms usually yeild large amounts of produce for sale.Therefore, the output per unit area in subsistence farming is usually low, while the output per unit area in commercial farming is usually high.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">AGRICULTURAL TYPES:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-Shifting cultivation</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-Wet rice cultivation</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-Plantation agriculture</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-High-tech farming</span>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-37042612366453664882012-02-18T06:24:00.000-08:002012-02-18T06:24:58.978-08:00Field work<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(<span style="color: black;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_research)</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Field research, also known as field work, is the collection of raw data in natural settings. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Methods:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">(http://geographyfieldwork.com/Fieldwork%20Methodology.htm)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The deductive method:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The deductive method works from the more general to the specific. For example, we may begin</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">with a theory<em> </em>about expected downstream changes in river channel characteristics. We then narrow that down into more specific hypotheses that we can test. We narrow down even further when we collect data to address the hypotheses. This ultimately leads us to be able to test the hypotheses with specific data - a confirmation of the original theory.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXXiYqRNpZdNGLC5J5hsJTEh_jSucSLv23cheTcTZZoyHDDVlStoJifQqCcg8PvXycAVENVaStacLrq7uveQ-hpJE91CzFQklIKGjb7vc3bitq49vhZzV2W89yOsG4n9Bdn1BaZC3q92g/s1600/deductive+method.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXXiYqRNpZdNGLC5J5hsJTEh_jSucSLv23cheTcTZZoyHDDVlStoJifQqCcg8PvXycAVENVaStacLrq7uveQ-hpJE91CzFQklIKGjb7vc3bitq49vhZzV2W89yOsG4n9Bdn1BaZC3q92g/s200/deductive+method.gif" width="195" yda="true" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The inductive method:</span></div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Inductive reasoning works the other way round, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. This approach works well with many issues-based studies, for example, an investigation of the impact of urban renewal schemes in inner-city Barcelona. In inductive reasoning, we begin with the exploration of an area, recording specific observations and data. An analysis of the data enables the identification of patterns and the formulation of some tentative hypotheses that we can explore. The inductive approach ends with the development of some general conclusions or theories.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9WF-SrfiBwc9WcjnEugi5koQWk7ED_cd36Wb1kUQn4_klJvNFQqSpEasMxvEB4s1LdICQWSzY7S_NNFX4RM3qn1Qzm6JXGX1kxZYSkH7Cd8I7xGYNIri4PaP5_gIWwM99LoOGMaGwz7U/s1600/inductive+method.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9WF-SrfiBwc9WcjnEugi5koQWk7ED_cd36Wb1kUQn4_klJvNFQqSpEasMxvEB4s1LdICQWSzY7S_NNFX4RM3qn1Qzm6JXGX1kxZYSkH7Cd8I7xGYNIri4PaP5_gIWwM99LoOGMaGwz7U/s1600/inductive+method.gif" yda="true" /></a></div>The usefulness of fieldwork:<br />
<ul><li>Improving observation skills and a better understanding of the processes that contributed to the development of environmental features.</li>
<li>Experiential learning: fieldwork provides opportunities to learn through direct, concrete experiences, enhancing the understanding that comes from observing 'real world' manifestations of abstract geographical concepts and processes.</li>
<li>Increasing geographical interest through interacting with the environment.</li>
<li>Directly involving students in responsibility for learning: fieldwork requires that students plan and carry out learning in an independent manner.</li>
<li>Developing and applying analytical skills: fieldwork relies on a range of skills, many of which are not used in the classroom.</li>
<li>Experiencing real-life research: developing investigative, communicative and participatory skills.</li>
<li>Developing environmental ethics and increasing the appreciation of the aesthetic qualities of the biophysical and built environments.</li>
<li>Teamwork: fieldwork experiences provide an important teamwork element, with social benefits derived from working cooperatively with others in a setting outside the classroom.</li>
<li>Skill development: observation, synthesis, evaluation, reasoning, instrumentation skills, practical problem solving, adaptability to new demands that call upon creative solutions, etc.</li>
<li>Uses of technology: applying technology to investigate problems and issues. </li>
<li>U.K. Key Skill development, namely communication, application of number, information technology, working with others, improving own learning performance and problem solving.</li>
</ul>Effective fieldwork: <br />
<div align="left"><br />
</div><div align="left">To be effective fieldwork should:</div><ul><li><div align="left">be well planned, interesting, cost effective and represent an effective use of the time available</div></li>
<li><div align="left">target specific syllabus and topic outcomes</div></li>
<li><div align="left">provide opportunities for students to develop a range of cognitive and manipulative skills</div></li>
<li><div align="left">be integrated with the subject matter to ensure that students take full advantage of enhanced understanding that is achieved through direct observation, data collection/recording and inquiry learning.</div></li>
<li><div align="left">be supported by pre-and post-excursion classroom activities that establish the context for learning and provide the necessary follow-up and reinforcement.</div></li>
</ul></span>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-81829824883620546982012-01-25T02:41:00.000-08:002012-01-25T02:41:16.678-08:00Spatial patterns<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(<a href="http://una.edu/geography/lights_night/step_1.htm"><strong>http://una.edu/geography/lights_night/step_1.htm</strong></a>)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>What are spatial patterns?</strong> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A spatial pattern is a perceptual structure, placement or arrangement of objects on Earth. It also includes the space in between those objects. Patterns maybe recognised because of their arrangement; maybe in a line or by a clustering of points. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Some questions that you may ask:</strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">1) Is there an area that is more/less dense than others?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">2) How do we calculate population density?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">3) Are there clusters of objects?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">4) Is there a randomness or a uniformity in the locations of various objects?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Spatial patterns usually refer to the patterns by which buildings have been arranged.</span><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial;">1) Is there an are that is more/less danse than others?</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">The answer is yes, there are areas that are mor dense than others. This may be due to the main function of a settlement, the way of life and the amenities that the settlement has. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">More dense:</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9-Up3EA2ZtxNdb6805v57n3g4OtdVq3lRemCaqxaU_dqR9OroY18JBSCYLaJvol43IIocLDMfUjU2ZeE8ErErsD25aL0SRpzL1vkikMjJNP6P-26876kiyJXr9Ze_9WbQgwCuYfodDNs/s1600/urban+settlement+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9-Up3EA2ZtxNdb6805v57n3g4OtdVq3lRemCaqxaU_dqR9OroY18JBSCYLaJvol43IIocLDMfUjU2ZeE8ErErsD25aL0SRpzL1vkikMjJNP6P-26876kiyJXr9Ze_9WbQgwCuYfodDNs/s1600/urban+settlement+1.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrhZ2kpYDqCx61mGRSD_1ltpIhJeuGS-QZQ-4h4Qq43O6YFI21nB2TgOFY7XkTtS2yyMzijbnLvzDnsjXF8O4tmBEflxuO4uwkwW7rXZBNQsN_kcBGSJ_OWsHfmO1URvUfogsJ4YJ2EWY/s1600/urban+settlement+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrhZ2kpYDqCx61mGRSD_1ltpIhJeuGS-QZQ-4h4Qq43O6YFI21nB2TgOFY7XkTtS2yyMzijbnLvzDnsjXF8O4tmBEflxuO4uwkwW7rXZBNQsN_kcBGSJ_OWsHfmO1URvUfogsJ4YJ2EWY/s320/urban+settlement+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Less dense:</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCt_3S-yBGAA7oxs4QcvIhhIcktnYslFE_1C1_fEpRzGjnyKXmLfy6nOxzBbRzxCzdNx0i6pm7WPBlM0q9bq50e2sd4kME89PA71UFi9PClF21s4qmUAjI6Rx9MlN4u7tARxpH6glFk1U/s1600/rural+setlement+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCt_3S-yBGAA7oxs4QcvIhhIcktnYslFE_1C1_fEpRzGjnyKXmLfy6nOxzBbRzxCzdNx0i6pm7WPBlM0q9bq50e2sd4kME89PA71UFi9PClF21s4qmUAjI6Rx9MlN4u7tARxpH6glFk1U/s1600/rural+setlement+2.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2CvFcb706c5iZ8IZcMi-KgEq-I1Wnbrp8yu0hc1Gd6cRcHt1UJA2Xwc38HE8_vtZLLyK97oar3mVrMUOCCC8-s5ri2lM82IIb8EPA148zqy2oozUBhWf8ifAPRvAZSlUBvtcmrB9wRrk/s1600/rural+settlement+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2CvFcb706c5iZ8IZcMi-KgEq-I1Wnbrp8yu0hc1Gd6cRcHt1UJA2Xwc38HE8_vtZLLyK97oar3mVrMUOCCC8-s5ri2lM82IIb8EPA148zqy2oozUBhWf8ifAPRvAZSlUBvtcmrB9wRrk/s320/rural+settlement+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There are also areas of varying densities withim a country. For instance, China:</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbSy-ZM_Yqq13kLsAGBXrsdvbC30pkKfabAg-ko6xbrsUwRrW4E6UavEBdIVJ2SMC4b3YjpKhqysT_knspyxOLZAZQWoaLoUpmu5P_0BJcn2JRs4wdwgi4et6lGehV5PJ13AXUzxi5NrE/s1600/china.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbSy-ZM_Yqq13kLsAGBXrsdvbC30pkKfabAg-ko6xbrsUwRrW4E6UavEBdIVJ2SMC4b3YjpKhqysT_knspyxOLZAZQWoaLoUpmu5P_0BJcn2JRs4wdwgi4et6lGehV5PJ13AXUzxi5NrE/s1600/china.jpg" /></a></div><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2) how do we calculate population density?</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Simply divide the total number of people over the total land area.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>3) are there clusters of objects?</strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">We can classify settlements accordind to how the buildings are arranged. A settlement pattern shows how buildings are arranged in a settlement. There are three types of settlement patterns- <strong>dispersed</strong>, <strong>linear</strong> and <strong>nucleated</strong>. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Dispersed settlement patterns are made up of individual buildings scattered over a wide area. These buildings mat be separated by large open spaces, farmlands, forests or grasslands. Dispersed settlements are also found in hilly areas where it is difficult to build houses and cultivate crops. Thus, people tend to spread out to settle in the best places available. In addition, in places where natural resources or fertile soil is limited, large plots of land are needed to support each household. This ensures that there is enough land for people to cultivate crops or to obtain resources from the ground. As a result, houses are dispersed.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Example:</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4nwpDyH1qSAY4QybQ1gUz7ABIpddUoBIt31i65PRJditfscARhCl-pNMMi8037HKpqhYH-Mnd9hP3PreLCM5sNuvqgiELWdII5x5C8ZKR7v8tmVpZIBcpMfVzxESKTit0uo7M3BavZQc/s1600/dispersed+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4nwpDyH1qSAY4QybQ1gUz7ABIpddUoBIt31i65PRJditfscARhCl-pNMMi8037HKpqhYH-Mnd9hP3PreLCM5sNuvqgiELWdII5x5C8ZKR7v8tmVpZIBcpMfVzxESKTit0uo7M3BavZQc/s320/dispersed+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Linear settlements are located along main transport routes such as roads, railways, rivers and canals. Not only do these trasport routes make travelling easy, they may also serve as a source of livelihood for the people living nearby. For example, a fisherman may live alongside a river as rivers are a source of fish. As transport routes are usually arranged in a linear pattern, the settlements built alongside them naturally take on the same pattern.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Example:</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwkT5_Ls-vlVVKE6kFG7uzCzSwL0TezJm8EVInG2FjN5Unixe04kzydei3GC0umA52I2O9mKYZ6PPaMOXjiy_uHrHpeRqN8ZliEnTReIt8oF2jkDPacgnQ6XXlTLl9G1ItmR07Inv-qIQ/s1600/linear+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwkT5_Ls-vlVVKE6kFG7uzCzSwL0TezJm8EVInG2FjN5Unixe04kzydei3GC0umA52I2O9mKYZ6PPaMOXjiy_uHrHpeRqN8ZliEnTReIt8oF2jkDPacgnQ6XXlTLl9G1ItmR07Inv-qIQ/s1600/linear+1.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Nucleated settlements are made up of buildings clustered together in an area. They are usually the meting point of transport routes, such as rivers, roads and railway lines.The buildings are clustered togetherso that the resources such as water and electricity can be shared. Sometimes, houses are clustered together as there is a shortage of flat land for the buildings to spread out. An example is a settlement locted within a valley that is surrounded by steep slopes. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example:</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUzStXdhm9B77Zrs7FwMppcRIF1dybAw7sfapFKXXaTmDRdEbO-EkinXrNPmRkrBz4msGbAERacEuO1GzZoV7n3YB5LH8_wRinfLAf1D48H4gL69peRiNB9u_t1WE_gg6n3W_5kr-Dolg/s1600/nucleated+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUzStXdhm9B77Zrs7FwMppcRIF1dybAw7sfapFKXXaTmDRdEbO-EkinXrNPmRkrBz4msGbAERacEuO1GzZoV7n3YB5LH8_wRinfLAf1D48H4gL69peRiNB9u_t1WE_gg6n3W_5kr-Dolg/s320/nucleated+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>4) is there a randomness or uniformity in the locations of various objects?</strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Refer to point number 3 :)</span>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com29tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-16989031748366044602012-01-14T03:27:00.000-08:002012-01-14T03:29:41.728-08:00Birth rate<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What makes birth rate high?</span></strong><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-lack of knowledge about contraceptives</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-low education</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-certain religions believe in the importance of large families</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-family oriented people, less career minded</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-desire for a male offspring (some families want a male offspring to carry on the family name, thus couples that have daughters tend to keep trying to have a son)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-early marriages</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-high infant mortality rates</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-large families gives status (in some developing countries)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>What makes birth rates low?</strong></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-use of contraceptives</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-career oriented people</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-late marriages</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-spending too much time on education</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-low infant mortality rates</span>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-24547783979887125142012-01-14T02:43:00.000-08:002012-01-14T03:30:45.297-08:00Population growth impacts<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">How does a changing population affect the world? </span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(increase)</span></strong><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-growth of urban areas</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-increased price of land</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-mixed landuse</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-increasing demand for housing</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-growth of industries</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-development of transport systems</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-increasing demand for recreational spaces</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-growth of agriculture</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-limited supply of fresh water</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">-change in lifestyle</span><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-effects-of-population-growth.htm">http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-effects-of-population-growth.htm</a></span></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <span class="yellowFade">effects</span> of <span class="yellowFade">population</span> growth are varied and vast. While <span class="yellowFade">population</span> growth, of any species, may be beneficial to a certain extent, there may come a time when the number in the <span class="yellowFade">population</span> exceeds the natural resources available to sustain it. This is referred to as overpopulation. The consequences of such an event are severe and major.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <span class="yellowFade">population</span> growth of any animal, if left uncontrolled can become burdensome. Farmers have noted, for many centuries, what the <span class="yellowFade">effects</span> of an uncontrolled predator <span class="yellowFade">population</span> can do to livestock. Once their natural prey run out, or are harder to find, the predators may turn to domesticated animals, despite the risks. This can cause a severe hardship on any family depending on those animals for survival.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, when most think of a growing <span class="yellowFade">population</span>, they do not think of other animals. The prime fear in most people's minds is the <span class="yellowFade">population</span> growth of their own species. As humans leave a much larger footprint on the environment than any other creature, uncontrolled overgrowth can be especially devastating.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">First, as the <span class="yellowFade">population</span> grows the opportunities for quality, available housing may become an issue. More people crowded into less space is not a good combination in any locality. As space is taken up, it becomes more valuable. Eventually, it begins to affect to poorest in the area. In the long run the effect of <span class="yellowFade">population</span> growth may be substandard housing or homelessness.</span>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-64212844092556260902011-08-12T08:41:00.000-07:002011-08-12T08:42:15.143-07:00Links.Natural vegetation of India<br />
<br />
<a href="http://environmentofearth.wordpress.com/2008/03/11/45/"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: purple;">http://environmentofearth.wordpress.com/2008/03/11/45</span>/</span></a><br />
<br />
Amazon Rainforest<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/amazon.htm"><span style="color: purple;">http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/amazon.htm</span></a>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146076190396248642.post-5402118798154104092011-08-12T08:38:00.000-07:002011-08-12T08:38:35.953-07:00Temperate Deciduous Forest<u>Temperate Deciduous Forest</u><br />
<ul><li>Changing seasons</li>
<li>'Deciduous' means exactly what the trees on these leaves do: change colour in autumn, fall off in winter, grow back in spring/ lose their leaves every year and grow them back again<br />
(Helps trees to survive winter)</li>
<li>Winter: form of recipitation- sleet, snow, hail</li>
<li>Average rainfall is 30-60inches per year</li>
<li>Average temperature is about 50F</li>
</ul><u>Surviving the changing season</u><br />
<ul><li>Special adaptations<br />
- Summer: broad leaves to capture energy from sun and convert to food<br />
- Autumn: Green chlorophyll in leaves begin to decompose, revealing brillant shades of reds, oranges, yellows <br />
- Winter: trees and plants become dormant<br />
- Spring: grows new leaves and begin photosynthesis again</li>
</ul><u>Location</u><br />
<ul><li>primarily in the eastern half of the United States, Canada, Europe, parts of Russia, China, and Japan</li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq5pwD7RiCIdnNT8FCpB-sntmSyktbaSc2x0r6t-zAzVD3Eso0pNXYc7BTgWuEygP5JfeObrrE82ZIQwXxaYn2YRz8o7isdnSRSLVzAC5XT_coOMEJAhiZ8qutTE1ugkIf2IgP0tGqaiU/s1600/map.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq5pwD7RiCIdnNT8FCpB-sntmSyktbaSc2x0r6t-zAzVD3Eso0pNXYc7BTgWuEygP5JfeObrrE82ZIQwXxaYn2YRz8o7isdnSRSLVzAC5XT_coOMEJAhiZ8qutTE1ugkIf2IgP0tGqaiU/s320/map.gif" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<u>What causes season</u><br />
<ul><li>the tilt of the Earth's axis at different times of the years<br />
(sun rays hit different parts of the globe more directly)</li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAlAxfu0PJR6QHuif6yEEK9pYe09SMAoQuV4SObcRPiwQHAVs4H4h29JqvFHP82WXPR2e4xNB1YNEeBII1J1SS-kQaNzQGs5gN3He9cZtQrBiA2lhSlMH5lf-tvolSwalhpzU-Ee8suwc/s1600/north.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAlAxfu0PJR6QHuif6yEEK9pYe09SMAoQuV4SObcRPiwQHAVs4H4h29JqvFHP82WXPR2e4xNB1YNEeBII1J1SS-kQaNzQGs5gN3He9cZtQrBiA2lhSlMH5lf-tvolSwalhpzU-Ee8suwc/s320/north.gif" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5fOnCQi7pwUp0z-Xsqz4YdZfPIhAIjhhpKAaPfGG45-W7cUxEszo9CyJv5qDKPBI2pVHdTKqCU42CtHQQjgmY9l9JOZdZwM8sIpqWS_nw2tcXCFDg_qcrIaFrptOkpb5KeLl7cHo7yp4/s1600/south.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5fOnCQi7pwUp0z-Xsqz4YdZfPIhAIjhhpKAaPfGG45-W7cUxEszo9CyJv5qDKPBI2pVHdTKqCU42CtHQQjgmY9l9JOZdZwM8sIpqWS_nw2tcXCFDg_qcrIaFrptOkpb5KeLl7cHo7yp4/s320/south.gif" width="320" /></a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicTYbD8aKQg9l8YTbZy5o_gv0ci6TSllqlUIm8cUWHXz5gBQsAgLVdgC1DilP_x8K8qnx8B2guk70Upjj0S4XalmNRLq3sOuoXEU36uOQ7zLo1CbnpN5ib8nIkVF9E-d7CNrhIndmW-1g/s1600/axis.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicTYbD8aKQg9l8YTbZy5o_gv0ci6TSllqlUIm8cUWHXz5gBQsAgLVdgC1DilP_x8K8qnx8B2guk70Upjj0S4XalmNRLq3sOuoXEU36uOQ7zLo1CbnpN5ib8nIkVF9E-d7CNrhIndmW-1g/s1600/axis.gif" /></a></div><br />
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<u>Temperate Deciduous Forest animals</u><br />
<ul><li>must adjust to cold winters and hot summers by hibernating, migrating, keeping active all winter</li>
<li>Includes Black bear, grey squirrel, raccoon, white-tailed deer, cardinal, yellow-bellied sapsucker</li>
</ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKnR3I4eOwIc-iP2e1fd5lRjoaHzVQ5Kk6bCVpT3N5w7nJoTH_b9qlz7cc47fhXE963n-xIzkWgFXMQCnGApSzy7lpHrtRMmbbvyfO8c0WZLtnVt1OWR9jQxohyphenhyphenve7KL4ItdwurFLse6w/s1600/bear.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKnR3I4eOwIc-iP2e1fd5lRjoaHzVQ5Kk6bCVpT3N5w7nJoTH_b9qlz7cc47fhXE963n-xIzkWgFXMQCnGApSzy7lpHrtRMmbbvyfO8c0WZLtnVt1OWR9jQxohyphenhyphenve7KL4ItdwurFLse6w/s1600/bear.gif" /></a><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: left;"><u>Colours of leaves in the fall</u></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><u></u></div><table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><span>Black walnut and butternut</span></td> <td><span>Drop leaves before they turn </span></td></tr>
<tr> <td><span>Locust</span></td> <td width="300"><b><span style="color: #22753b;"><span>Stays green until leaves drop</span></span></b></td></tr>
<tr> <td><span>Ash</span></td> <td><b><span style="color: #51018b;"><span>Plum purple</span></span></b></td></tr>
<tr> <td><span>Red maple, dogwood, sassafras, and scarlet oak</span></td> <td><b><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span>Dark red</span></span></b></td></tr>
<tr> <td><span>Sugar maple and sumac</span></td> <td><span><b><span style="color: red;">Flame red</span></b> and <b><span style="color: #ff9900;">orange</span></b></span></td></tr>
<tr> <td><span>Oak, beech, larch, elm, hickory, and sycamore</span></td> <td><span><b><span style="color: #b78b71;">Tan </span></b><span style="color: black;">or </span><b><span style="color: #784a47;">brown</span></b></span></td></tr>
<tr> <td><span>Poplar, birch, tulip tree, willow</span></td> <td><b><span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span>Yellow</span></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody> </table>Nicole/Cheriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12347733746208417693noreply@blogger.com4