Agriculture

WHAT IS AGRICULTUURE?
Have you ever wondered where the food you eat comes from? As food is one of our basic needs, it is important to understand where our food comes from.

Until about 12 000 years ago, people led nomadic lives. They hunted animals and gathered  fruits and nuts for food. Slowly, people settled down and learnt to grow crops and rear animals for food. The growing of crops and the rearing of animals is called agriculture.

About one-third of the Earth's land area is used for agricultural purposes and more than two and a half billionpeople worldwide are engaged in agricultural activities. This is about twice the populaton of China, which is currently at 1.3 billion people, or about 20 percent of all the people in the world. Agriculture is very importantin countires such as China and India. More than 70 percent of people in these countries are farmers.

AGRICULTURE AS A PRIMARY INDUSTRY
Beside providing food, agriculture can also provide raw materials or natural resources that can be used to manufacture products. For instance, cotton is a raw material that can be used to produce thread and cloth. We call an industry that provides raw materials for othe industryr uses a primary industry. Hence, we say that agriculture is a type of primary industry. Other types of primary industries include fishing and mining.

There are many types of agriculture in different  parts of the world. These types of agriculture, or agricultural types differ from one another according to these characteristics:
-the purpose of the farm
-the inputs of the farm
-the outputs (produce of the farm)

PURPOSE OF THE FARM
Some farms produce enough crops for their own consumption only. This is known as subsistence farming. Other farms produce crops on a large scale and sell their producein the market. This is known as commercial farming.

INPUTS INTO THE FARM
Farmers need land, labour, seeds, fertilisers, pesticide and tools or machinery to grow crops. In some farms, irrigation systems are also used to channel water from rivers and lakes to the fields. To obtain some of the above, farmers need capital (money to pay workers or for materials) The land, labour, materials and capital used by farmers are colectively known as the inputs of a farm.

OUTPUTS (PRODUCE) OF THE FARM
Some farms produce only one type of crop, while others, produce a variety of crops. Also, subsistence farms tend to yeild small amounts of produce which is usually just enough for the farmer's own family. On the other hand, commercial farms usually yeild large amounts of produce for sale.Therefore, the output per unit area in subsistence farming is usually low, while the output per unit area in commercial farming is usually high.

AGRICULTURAL TYPES:
-Shifting cultivation
-Wet rice cultivation
-Plantation agriculture
-High-tech farming

Field work

(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_research)

Field research, also known as field work, is the collection of raw data in natural settings.

Methods:
(http://geographyfieldwork.com/Fieldwork%20Methodology.htm)

The deductive method:

The deductive method works from the more general to the  specific. For example, we may beginwith a theory about expected downstream changes in river channel characteristics. We then narrow that down into more specific hypotheses that we can test. We narrow down even further when we collect data to address the hypotheses. This ultimately leads us to be able to test the hypotheses with specific data - a confirmation of the original theory.

The inductive method:

Inductive reasoning works the other way round, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. This approach works well with many issues-based studies, for example, an investigation of the impact of urban renewal schemes in inner-city Barcelona. In inductive reasoning, we begin with the exploration of an area, recording specific observations and data. An analysis of the data enables the identification of patterns and the formulation of some tentative hypotheses that we can explore. The inductive approach ends with the development of some general conclusions or theories.

The usefulness of fieldwork:

• Improving observation skills and a better understanding of the processes that contributed to the development of environmental features.
• Experiential learning: fieldwork provides opportunities to learn through direct, concrete experiences, enhancing the understanding that comes from observing 'real world' manifestations of abstract geographical concepts and processes.
• Increasing geographical interest through interacting with the environment.
• Directly involving students in responsibility for learning: fieldwork requires that students plan and carry out learning in an independent manner.
• Developing and applying analytical skills: fieldwork relies on a range of skills, many of which are not used in the classroom.
• Experiencing real-life research: developing investigative, communicative and participatory skills.
• Developing environmental ethics and increasing the appreciation of the aesthetic qualities of the biophysical and built environments.
• Teamwork: fieldwork experiences provide an important teamwork element, with social benefits derived from working cooperatively with others in a setting outside the classroom.
• Skill development: observation, synthesis, evaluation, reasoning, instrumentation skills, practical problem solving, adaptability to new demands that call upon creative solutions, etc.
• Uses of technology: applying technology to investigate problems and issues. 
• U.K. Key Skill development, namely communication, application of number, information technology, working with others, improving own learning performance and problem solving.

Effective fieldwork:

To be effective fieldwork should:

• be well planned, interesting, cost effective and represent an effective use of the time available
• target specific syllabus and topic outcomes
• provide opportunities for students to develop a range of cognitive and manipulative skills
• be integrated with the subject matter to ensure that students take full advantage of enhanced understanding that is achieved through direct observation, data collection/recording and inquiry learning.
• be supported by pre-and post-excursion classroom activities that establish the context for learning and provide the necessary follow-up and reinforcement.